Physician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal Essay - 1894 Words

There is either pain or unconsciousness, there is nothing in between. A person is either unconscious with absolutely no knowledge of existing or suffering intolerable pain, screaming until a person can no longer do anything more than whimper and beg for the medicine to send them back into oblivion. They can exist in this state for many months, but why must they or anyone else? Physician assisted suicide could help with that if it were legal. Physician Assisted Suicide needs to be legalized in states because a person should have the right to end their life if they will be in excruciating pain or a drug induced stupor for their remaining life. Physician Assisted Suicide is when a physician gives a terminally ill patient a prescription for a lethal dose of a medicine (â€Å"Physician Aid-in-Dying†). The the patient has the choice of whether or not to use this medicine because the physician does not administer the medicine. The technical definition of suicide is a notion of premature death that is being hastened out of despair (â€Å"Physician Aid-in-Dying†). When a patient is in the hospital feeling unbearable pain, they are definitely hastened by despair to kill themselves. The patient would like to end all of the physical pain they are in, their emotional pain from watching their loved ones cry over them, and the mental anguish of their family members. The first organization for the right-to-die was in Santa Monica, California. The man who was running it was named Derek Humphrey. FiveShow MoreRelatedShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal?901 Words   |  4 PagesWhen society ponders over the idea of phy sician-assisted suicide, they most likely feel that the act itself would compare to murdering someone. Who really has the authority to say what is right or wrong when a loved one wants to end their life because of a terminal illness or a severe physical disability? Should Physician-assisted suicide be Legal in California to make it a euthanasia state like Oregon ? In the article titled â€Å"Nicest Lawmaker Touts Assisted Suicide,† by Clea Benson published The BakersfieldRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1578 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasures. One of the alternative options is Physician-Assisted Suicide; defined as the voluntary termination of one’s own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician (â€Å"Physician-assisted†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). In layman’s terms it means that a physician administers medications to the patients to use on their own terms, and it’s entirely up to the patient whet her or not to ingest the medication. I know Physician-Assisted Suicide is a practical solution to terminally illRead MoreShould Physician-assisted Suicide Be Legal? 1473 Words   |  6 Pages Should physician-assisted suicide be legal? This debated subject has no right or wrong answer. Assisting someone in death has a felony murder conviction in some cases. There are a few different ways of being charged, but there are certain circumstances. There are many reasons why I am for it and of course, I have reasons against it. When you have a loved one in a vegetative state, does the family say yes or no to â€Å"pulling the plug?† Is it not the same as assisting a person in death? AnotherRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of physician-assisted suicide has become very controversial because of the ethical questions. The physical state of health of the patient, the patient’s personal life, and even the financial pressure of the patient are all factors to consider when contemplating whether or not to legalize this controversial cause of death. Physician-assisted suicide regarding medical ethics states that a physician cannot legally give any patient a lethal injection to end their life, but they can take theRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal?761 Words   |  4 Pages We Should be in Favor of Physician-assisted Suicide In a momentous decision released February 6, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Physician-assisted suicide will be legal in Canada within 12 months. This deci-sion has caused a myriad of controversy. Opponents of physician-assisted suicide argue that the constitution recognizes the sanctity of life and no one has the right to end the life of another person’s. Supporters, on the other hand, argue that patients who experience constantRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal935 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscusses the ethics of physician-assisted suicide. In the process of physician-assisted suicide, a doctor purposefully provides a terminally ill patient with the means to take their own life. This is often confused with active euthanasia; however, they are not the same thing. In euthanasia, the doctor administers the lethal drug to the patient, but in physician-assisted suicide, the patient must take the lethal drugs themselves. There is much debate over physician-assisted suicide today. Some peopleRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal?847 Words   |  4 PagesShould-Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal In Every State When it comes to the topic of, should physician-assisted suicide be legal in every state, most of us will readily agree that it should be up to a terminally ill person to make that decision. Whereas some are convinced that it is inhumane, others maintain that it is a person’s decision to end their own life. I agree that physician-assisted suicide should be legal in every state because in most cases, people that are terminally ill should haveRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1494 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide A tough issue on the rise in the United States is whether or not Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS) should be legal. Physician Assisted Suicide allows a physician to prescribe a lethal dose of medication to a patient to end their life. However, the patient has to take the drugs on their own. PAS would be only offered to those suffering from a terminal illness with less than six months to live. The way these patients go about treating and or living with a terminal illnessRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Not Be Legal2017 Words   |  9 PagesEnglish 100 Melody Kowach Say No to Physician Assisted Suicide Has anyone ever heard of the term Assisted suicide? The term assisted suicide â€Å" is suicide committed with the aid of another person, who is usually a physician. It usually is called physician assisted suicide because a doctor is providing information on committing suicide with lethal doses of drugs (Assisted). There are many people with a terminal illness considering assisted suicide. Assisted Suicide is legal in five states which is OregonRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1223 Words   |  5 Pagespractice of physician assisted suicide. This would allow terminally ill patients, many of whom have cancer, to make the difficult decision to end their lives peacefully. Doctors are able to simply write their patient a prescription, designed to end a person’s life in a non-painful way. Doctors and medical personnel have struggled with this topic, exploring the various consequences and benefits that come with making assisted suicide legal. Currently, physicia n assisted suicide has been made legal across

Major Theoretical Sociological Perspectives Similarities...

Major Theoretical Sociological Perspectives: Similarities and Differences Sociology: the scientific study of the development, structure and functioning of human society (Oxford). When the topic of discussion is sociology, Auguste Comte, the â€Å"father of positivism† would come to mind, as it was he who first coined the term â€Å"sociology† (Kreis, 2009). Comte also emphasized that the study of society must be scientific and he pushed sociologists to employ the use of qualitative methods such as observation, historical comparative analysis and experimentation. Sociological Perspective is the way in which we view sociological phenomena (Long, 2011). Among the many perspectives that exist there are three theoretical perspectives that are widely†¦show more content†¦This is where the government comes into play and is used to regulate our interests by the use of laws to provide a stable world. Therefore, according to the conflict theory if there is interaction, there will be conflict. There is no society that exists that doesnâ€℠¢t have conflict of interests but because of this conflict a society can move towards social change and growth by using this conflict as a stepping stone. Although, if not managed, conflict can escalate to damaging levels and result in the division of a group. Inequality, a reason of emergence for hierarchies, created to grasp a bit of the unequally shared power. The members within these hierarchies seek self-interest by maximizing their positions rather than trying to change society. Politics would seem to be a prime example of the race for power. Scarcity of resources would be another reason why conflict arises. This would be the reason for those that rob and steal from other individuals because of the lack of resources. Since if there was a surplus of resources to satisfy self-interest no one would pursue conflict and there would be little or no crime. Functionalism, the oldest but yet still the most dominant of the three major theoretical perspectives. The idea of the Functionalist perspective leads back to Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist whose writings form the core of theShow MoreRelatedMajor Theoretical Sociological Perspectives: Similarities and Differences1507 Words   |  7 Pagesthree major sociology perspectives in regards to social issues? They are Symbolic Interactionism perspectives, Functionalism perspectives, and Conflict Theory perspectives. These perspectives offer sociologists abstract examples for explaining how society affects people, and vice versa. Each perspective individually theorizes society, social forces, and human behavior. Keyword’s: Social Issues, Human Behavior Introduction This paper will explain the three known theoretical sociologicalRead MoreSociological Theories And The Structural Functional Theory1356 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Theories: Compare and Contrast The Structural-Functional theory definition: Two theorist who were major contributors to the structural functional theory where Herbert Spencer and Robert Merton. Also known as functionalism, it is a framework for building theory that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and solidarity. Important concepts in the perspective of functionalism include social structure, social functions, latent functions and manifestRead More Marx, Durkheim, Weber and Sociology Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe theoretical works of Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber still influence sociological theory. Though their works are decades old they still are a major part of what sociology is today. Though their theories can seem very different, there are some similarities. To become a great sociologist one most learn and understands how to use all sociological perspectives. To do this one must understand and use the different theoretical perspectives created by Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. Karl Marx theoreticalRead MoreSociological Theory3361 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY Compare and contrast the views of three appropriate sociological perspectives to an area of social life of your choosing. Why do we act the way we do? Does the mass media really affect the way a people in a society behave? Sociologists focus on the environment and the social aspects of human behaviour in order to answer questions like these when studying a particular society. A society is defined as a large social group that shares the same geographical territoryRead MoreThe Changing Nature of Family Life Essay1117 Words   |  5 Pagesapproves sexual relationship and one or more children of the sexually cohabitating adults. Therefore from this definition it is clear that ‘fatherless families’ which exist in today’s society are not considered from a functionalist perspective as normal. Harmonious stable families Talcott Parsons argues that the concept of the ‘isolated nuclear family’ describes structure that provides warmth, security and support. He could conceive of no institution other than family that Read MorePsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamentalRead MoreSociology Functionalism and Symbolic Interaction1494 Words   |  6 Pagesfeatures, similarities and differences of Functionalism and Symbolic Interaction. Sociologists analyse social phenomena at different levels and from different perspectives. From concrete interpretations to sweeping generalizations of society and social behaviour, sociologists study everything from specific events, the micro level of analysis of small social patterns, to the big picture, the macro level of analysis of large social patterns. Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives:Read MoreThe Digital Human Activity On Social Networking Sites1751 Words   |  8 Pagesbeen used in testing numerous sociological hypothesis and also modeling systems that depend on human activities and research in this area is actively ongoing in the research community. The social interaction as the result of the human activities on these networks generate a non-trivial topology in the process of time. %After the discovering of the ``heavy tail distribution, the small world phenomenon and high clustering in real networks, And various graph-theoretical tools have been developed andRead MoreSociological Perspectives on the Family2325 Words   |  10 PagesSociological Perspectives on the Family SOC101: Introduction to Sociology Instructor:   Jeanette  Maxey August 15, 2011 Sociological Perspectives on the Family In the field of sociology, there are numerous approaches sociologists reflect on when studying humankind’s behavior. Sociologists argue that no single theory is correct by itself; but to a certain extent, they draw on all of them for various purposes. Sociologists vision the social world in diverse ways, meaning seeing the world as stableRead MoreFunctionalism and Marxism2204 Words   |  9 PagesOften these theories are influential for a period of time and then lose popularity once a new, more seductive theory is established. Marxism and functionalism are two examples of social theories that made a grand impact on the anthropological and sociological fields, but have since faded from the forefront. Marxism was established by Karl Marx in the mid-1800s and was later adopted by other theorists, such as Marvin Harris. Marxism was built upon the idea that there has been an ongoing class struggle

Review of Janet Abbates Inventing the Internet free essay sample

The Internet’s expansion has existed within an interworking web of innovators; government and military, computer scientists, graduate students, researchers, cable and phone companies, network users, etc. The details given by Abbate affirm the book’s claim that the Internet was not born of a single originating event. It, instead, progressed over time through the junction of advances in technology and needs in society. The Internet is an ever-adapting system, which is fresh and changing at escalating rates yet has a history that crosses over several decades. Born within paranoia surrounding the Cold War and growing through many different forms, the Internet’s history is laid out chronologically in Abbate’s six chapters. In this informative and methodical chronicle, Abbate tracks the important teamwork of the Internet’s creators and societal needs in a detailed and entertaining volume of history. Despite the revolution of the Internet bringing about doorways to assorted information, it has done a bizarrely deprived job of recording its own history. As the Internets’ creators get older, it is essential to capture their first hand accounts of the history they made. In her book, Inventing the Internet, Abbate saves the early history of the Internet. The book is divided into six segments. The first segment relays White Heat and Cold War: The Origins and Meanings of Packet Switching that is primarily about packet switching. The second covers the political and technical challenges involved in Building the ARPANET: Challenges and Strategies, concerning the creation and struggles of ARPANET. The third segment covers user communities and their affect on the ARPANET in â€Å"The Most Neglected Element†: Users Transform the ARPANET. The fourth considers the shift made, From ARPANET to Internet approaching defense and research. The fifth section covers The Internet in the Arena of International Standards. The final section, Popularizing the Internet, shows the beginning of the wide spread of the Internet but before Internet connectivity becomes popular at the personal level. All things considered, the book states the expansions in Internet history between 1959 and 1991, with some proceedings to 1994. The author’s study of the Internet’s genesis makes systematic links between the technological development and its organizational, social, and cultural environment. There are many available histories on the Internet, in print and online. Most are well-documented information on technology and its history. Some mention the fundamental concepts of communication, information, and knowledge. Abbates work, however, goes beyond ordinary facts and her findings are most revealing. The beginning of the Internet is well known. It was a United States Defense research program named ARPANET. The internal structure of ARPA that reared the network development during its first years is not as well known. Inventing the Internet explains how the little agency was created in 1958 to respond to the Soviets successful launch of the worlds first artificial satellite. ARPA did not own a laboratory. ARPA’s role was to create centers in universities through the financing of research projects in defense-related domains. When ARPA decided in 1969 to connect the supercomputers scattered among university campuses, it had no political or financial difficulty attracting the best computer scientists from all over the United States. The originality of ARPANET is this basic freedom, in contrast to market laws and official control. Inventing the Internet highlights ARPA and its brilliance, which seems to violate both the hands-off approach and the state-intervention ideology. ARPANET was born in an atmosphere of total confidence within a community whose total purpose was to connect the computer equipment from as many universities as possible, while striking the least restricting of standards. Packet-switching technology was the tool hat seemed to execute the fewest constraints so ARPANET was based on packet switching instead of the circuit-switching technology that characterized all other telecommunications networks in the world. Along the way, users and other developers took computer networking in directions that ARPA did not intend. Users rapidly made e-mail the most successful network application. Other countries tested the Internet with varying protocols and applications. The community of scientists hard-press ed the National Science Foundation into action that overshadowed ARPAs in the 1990s. As new applications and pressures arose, the United States government moved toward privatization of the Internet in the 1990s. This development and the commercialization of personal computers helped build an advantageous atmosphere for the introduction of the hypertext system and web browsers. The World Wide Web turned out to be available even to beginners. Abbate argues successfully that the origins of the Internet favored military values, such as survivability, flexibility, and high performance, over commercial goals, such as low cost, simplicity, or consumer appeal (5). On one good side of things, it was these features that offered computer networks their keen adaptability and quick reaction to the unexpected demands of users. Per the cons, suggests Abbate, they could have caused defiance of commercialization in the system as ARPA did not visualize charging individuals to use the system the way the phone company charges individual telephone users. Based on detailed research in primary documents and extensive communication with many of the principals in the story, Abbates history delivers the most detailed and revealing account. She succeeds in showing that both its developers and its users socially constructed this evolving technology. How might one know where theyre going, if they don’t know where they have been? Its someway comforting to learn that a technology that seems to be new and ever-evolving actually has a history crossing several decades. This history of the Internet, a technology that modern people use on a daily basis in various arrangements, is outlined so perceptively in Janet Abbate’s, Inventing the Internet.

Leadership Ice Cream Division Essay Example Essay Example

Leadership: Ice Cream Division Essay Example Paper Leadership: Ice Cream Division Essay Introduction This papers focuses on the Chattanooga Ice Cream Division instance survey developed by Carl Sloane. Leadership chances and action are defined based on the characters in the instance survey. Dysfunction is evaluated both from a squad facet and from the leading function. Specific development activities are identified to assist the persons develop emotional intelligence. Finally. recommendations will be made to steer the squad frontward. Background Chattanooga Ice Cream is a division of Chattanooga Food Corporation which is a family-controlled concern founded in 1936 ( Sloane. 1997 ) . The ice pick division is one of the largest regional maufacturers of ice pick in the United States. The company’s primary focal point is mid-priced basic ice pick merchandises. The ice pick division has been sing level gross revenues and a worsening profitableness over the past four old ages ( Sloane. 1997 ) . Rivals had shown success in recent old ages with premium and super-premium trade names wi th â€Å"mix-in† ice pick spirits. The Chattanooga Food Corporation focused on leading alterations in an effort to better the ice pick division’s public presentation. In 1993. Charles Moore was promoted to head the division. The ice pick division besides hired a new frailty president of selling to replace a 30 twelvemonth veteran. Stephanie Krane was assigned to the division to upgrade the information systems and control map. In 1995. the original fabrication works in Chattanooga was closed to command costs. The direction alterations resulted in a break to the top degree direction squad. Three of the seven members of the direction squad were new to their places. Additionally. Charles’ leading manner was really different than his predecessor. Leadership: Ice Cream Division Essay Body Paragraphs The old general director had been with the concern for many old ages and had legion webs to garner information. He made of import determinations entirely and seldom felt the demand to confer with his direction squad. The Dysfunction The ice pick division gross revenues continued to fall. and the company late lost a important client to Sealtest. The proclamation of this loss resulted in unfastened unfavorable judgment from virtually all squad members. In the yesteryear. when issues arose and faulting between sections occurred Moore would non react in hopes that the directors would discontinue kicking about each other. Moore believes in the value of group based determinations and liked to convey people together officially to portion information. consult on determinations. and forge consensus ( Sloane. 1997 ) . Moore would rank high in coaction utilizing the Thomas Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument ( TKI ) . The TKI ( 2007 ) states that the â€Å"overuse of coaction and consensual deter mination devising sometimes represents a desire to minimise hazard – by spreading duty for a determination or by proroguing action. The appraisal goes on to province that a individual with a high coaction mark may lose some cues that would bespeak the presence of defensiveness. restlessness. fight. or conflicting involvements. Moore appears to besides prefer the avoiding manner when struggle arises. Avoiders tend to trust that struggle goes off on its ain. Moore has been avoiding struggle by non turn toing the struggle when it arose. The DiSC Assessment is a tool to assist an single understand themselves and others. Based on the instance survey by Sloane ( 1997 ) Moore appears to be an S. which stands for steadiness. The S manner prefers to work at a methodical gait and to concentrate on their undertakings without break. They seek a composure. orderly construction where coaction and group attempt are valued ( DiSC. 2008 ) . Peoples that have an S profile are demotivated in co mpetitory environments. do non like being rushed into speedy determinations. or holding to be confrontational. These three traits of Charlie Moore have resulted in a deficiency of leading through struggle and the inability to do a determination without coaction clip. As a leader. Moore has non displayed the four key rules to success harmonizing to Jack Welch in Winning ( 2005 ) . These basic rules are mission and vision. fairness. distinction. and voice and self-respect. First. Moore has non created a vision for the Ice Cream Division. and the division appears to be comparatively stray from the overall mission of the Chattanooga Food Corporation. Harmonizing to Welch ( 2007 ) . the mission tells where you are traveling and the values describe the behaviours that will acquire you at that place. Charlie Moore has been the General Manager for four old ages. yet it does non look that he has determined how the Ice Cream Division can win in their current market. nor has he defined what wi nning agencies. The 2nd rule is candor. Candor facilitates strong treatment. In the instance of the Ice Cream Division squad. it appears the squad was exposing a deficiency of fairness by non sharing critical information. or bring forthing thoughts which could ensue in a existent argument. Part of fairness is feedback. As a leader. it is critical to give feedback so each squad member understands precisely what has to be done for betterment and where they stand in the organisation ( Welch. 2005 ) . There are three chief benefits of fairness harmonizing to Welch ( 2005 ) . First. candor gets people into the conversation. More thoughts are generated and discussed. and all squad members have the chance to lend to bring forth the best thoughts. Candor besides increases velocity since acquiring people into the conversation consequences in immediate argument and treatment which allows a well informed determination to be made. Speed is the 2nd benefit of fairness. Finally. fairness cuts cos ts. Openly sharing information. positive and negative. consequences in a squad that can rapidly react to issues that arise. Welch’s ( 2005 ) 3rd rule focuses on distinction. Differentiation is a manner to pull off people and concern. The concern side of distinction focal points on how to crush the competition through scheme. The people part requires a leader to place the top 20 per centum. in-between 70 per centum. and the bottom 10 per centum of performing artists. The following measure is to move on this rating. In the instance of the Chattanooga Ice Cream Division. the bottom 10 per centum would non cognize where they ranked or why. This job ties back into fairness. Without blunt conversations sing ends and public presentation. an employee has a reduced opportunity of success. Additionally. the deficiency of blunt conversations does non give the person an chance to better their public presentation. Further. in this instance survey. ends for the squad are non clear which do es non enable people to be successful. The 4th rule is voice and self-respect. Charles Moore has a direction squad that does hold a voice. although they use the chance to put incrimination and support themselves instead than concentrate on solutions. Voice and self-respect goes beyond the direction squad. Harmonizing to Welch in Winning ( 2005 ) . most people do non state anything because they feel they can’t and they haven’t been asked. Charles needs to understand the concern from every rank and position as the company leader. He needs to acquire into the â€Å"trenches† . The lone manner to carry through this is by enabling unfastened. blunt conversations throughout the organisation. Developing a Team Developing a squad takes clip. This squad has been together for four or more old ages with small to no accomplishment. The phase of debuts is past. but in mention to the Tuckman theoretical account ( Tocci. JWI510. W6 ) the squad is in the â€Å"forming† p hases. Key attributes of this phase are an ill-defined mission and values. deficiency of trust. and deficiency of committedness. To get down an unfastened treatment sing squad kineticss each squad member will finish a DiSC appraisal and a 360 reappraisal. The 360 feedback will include their direct studies. people from within their functional country. people outside of their functional country. and every member of the leading squad. After the consequences have been compiled a manager will be assigned to each squad member to reexamine the consequences and to develop personal action programs. After these one-on-one Sessionss. Charlie should convey the squad together to portion the consequences of their DiSC appraisal. The intent of the session is to derive a better apprehension of each squad member in footings of how they prefer to work and why. Once the DiSC appraisal is reviewed. each individual will be asked to portion the 2-3 personal development ends generated from their clip with the manager. As the leader. Charles will get down foremost and demo his exposure. Sharing ends can assist team members be accountable to each other. This enables informal equal to peer training to assist everyone stay committed to the squad. The DiSC appraisal and the 360 degree feedback contribute to emotional ntelligence. Goleman ( 2000 ) defines emotional intelligence as the ability to pull off ourselves and our relationships efficaciously. Both of these appraisals enable each squad member to go more self-conscious of their emotions and the impact on their colleagues. Additionally. these tools give an accurate self-assessment of each person’s strengths and restrictions. Once each squad member understands how they are perceived and their personal DiSC manner in relation to others they can get down to do focussed betterments on their overall emotional intelligence. Goleman ( 2000 ) found that leaders with strengths in a critical mass of six or more emotional intelligence co mpetences were more effectual than equals that did non hold similar strengths. These exercisings focus on the underside of Lencioni’s ( 2002 ) pyramid. â€Å"Absence of Trust† . The squad should promote each other to be vulnerable and in bend. back up the squad members that do demo exposure. Specific Recommendations for the Team Once the squad has completed the DiSC and 360 degree feedback tools. the coaching. and the group sharing they are ready to transition their focal point to the ability to run a successful concern. At this point. the Ice Cream Division does non hold a clear mission or vision. To get down this procedure. the squad will get down a charter. First. the squad must set up an overall mission by understanding the overarching mission of the company. In short. at the executive degree. what does the squad base for? Concentrating on mission development alternatively of work outing the job of doomed concern will let the squad to understand what actions they n eed to take to aline the job solution to the concern scheme. Harmonizing to Welch ( 2005 ) a mission answers the inquiry: How do we mean to win in this concern? Using counsel from Winning ( Welch. 2005 ) . the executive squad may develop a mission statement that looks like this: The mission of the Chattanooga Ice Cream Division is to go the market leader in Ice pick gross revenues due to our focal point on exceeding gustatory sensation. alone spirits. and our committedness to clients. Once the mission is established the squad will get down to bring forth a charter. This charter will concentrate on specific activities required to accomplish the mission and vision of the organisation. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership: Ice Cream Division Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership: Ice Cream Division Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership: Ice Cream Division Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Plural French Subject Pronouns Nous Vous Ils and Elles

Plural French Subject Pronouns Nous Vous Ils and Elles Before you start this lesson, I encourage you to read my Singular French Subject Pronouns lesson, or even start with introduction to French subject pronouns if you have not read it yet. Now, lets take a closer look to the plural French subject pronouns. The French Subject Pronoun for We Nous   Nous is the pronoun to use when you are talking about a group of people that includes yourself.Ex : nous regardons la teÃŒ leÃŒ  : we are watching TV. Nous is also referred to as the first person plural (premieÌ€re personne du pluriel). Pronunciation: the s of the nous is silent when followed by a consonant.Ex : Nous regardons, nous faisons, nous sommes.Nous makes a strong liaison in Z when followed by a vowel or an h ; nous ‘Z’eÃŒ tudions, nous ‘Z’habitons, nous ‘Z’utilisons. Important: in colloquial French,  « On  » is used instead of nous. The verb will agree with  « On  » (3rd person singular), but the adjectives will agree with the meaning, therefore being plural when on means we. Here is my lesson about the obscure French subject pronoun on.Ex : Anne et moi, on est brunes : Ann and I, we are brunettes. Note: other words related to nous are: notre, nos, le noÌ‚tre, la noÌ‚tre, les noÌ‚tres. The French Subject Pronoun for You Vous   Vous is the pronoun to use when you are talking to a group of people.Ex : vous regardez la teÃŒ leÃŒ  : you are watching TV   Vous is also referred to as the second person plural (deuxieÌ€me personne du pluriel). Pronunciation: the s of the vous is silent when followed by a consonant.Ex : Vous regardez, vous faites, vous parlez.Vous makes a strong liaison in Z when followed by a vowel or an h ; vous ‘Z’eÃŒ tudiez, vous ‘Z’habitez, vous ‘Z’eÌ‚tes. Important: vous may also refer to one person that you are being formal to. Like an adult you don’t know, or a business partner, or someone that is older. The verb will agree with vous (2nd person plural), but the adjectives will agree with the meaning, therefore being feminine or masculine singular. To understand this notion, you need to read my article on tu versus vous. Ex : M. le PreÃŒ sident, vous eÌ‚tes grand : Mr President, you are tall.Ex : Mme la PreÃŒ sidente, vous eÌ‚tes grande : Mrs President, you are tall. Note: other words related to vous are : votre, vos, le voÌ‚tre, la voÌ‚tre, les voÌ‚tres. The French Subject Pronoun for They Ils   Ils is the pronoun to use when you are talking about a group of people.Ex : ils regardent la teÃŒ leÃŒ  : they are watching TV. Ils is also referred to as the third person plural, masculine (troisieÌ€me personne du pluriel, masculin). Pronunciation: the S of the Ils is silent when followed by a consonant. It’s pronounced exactly as the â€Å"il† singular.Ex : ils regardent, ils font, ils sont.For a regular ER verb starting with a consonant, you cannot hear the difference between Il singular and Ils plural : il regarde (singular), ils regardent (plural). Ils (plural) makes a strong liaison in Z when followed by a vowel or an H ; ils ‘Z’habitent, ils’Z’eÃŒ tudient, ils ‘Z’utilisent. Important: ils refers to a group of people or things either all masculine, or masculine and feminine. Note: other words related to ils are : se, les, leur, leurs, le leur, la leur, les leurs.   The French Subject Pronoun for They Elles   Elles is the pronoun to use when you are talking about a group of people that are women, or feminine things.Ex : Elles regardent la teÃŒ leÃŒ  : they are watching TV (they here are only women). Pronunciation: the S of the elles is silent when followed by a consonant.Ex : elles regardent, elles font, elles parlent.For a regular ER verb starting with a consonant, you cannot hear the difference between Elle singular and Elles plural : elle regarde, elles regardent. Elles makes a strong liaison when followed by a vowel or an H ; elles ‘Z’habitent, elles’Z’eÃŒ tudient, elles ‘Z’utilisent. Important: elles refers to a group of people or things only feminine. Note : other words related to elles are : se, les, leur, leurs, le leur, la leur, les leurs.   Voil, now that you know all about the French subject pronouns, you can go to the next step and study my French Verb Introduction lesson. If you are serious about learning French, I strongly suggest you find a good French learning audio method. Written French and spoken French are like two different languages, and you need audio - and someone who can not only list the grammar points but explain them well - to conquer French. I suggest you take a look at  my own French learning method  as well as my article on the  Best French tools for the self-learning student. I post exclusive mini lessons, tips, pictures and more daily on my Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest  pages - so join me there! https://www.facebook.com/frenchtoday https://twitter.com/frenchtoday https://www.pinterest.com/frenchtoday/

3 Problems of Parallel Syntax

3 Problems of Parallel Syntax 3 Problems of Parallel Syntax 3 Problems of Parallel Syntax By Mark Nichol Writers frequently err in producing in-line lists (those incorporated into a sentence, rather than presented vertically) whose items do not correspond grammatically. Here are three sample sentences, along with corrections. 1. â€Å"If a work is no longer set in Japan, no longer written by Japanese authors or penned by Japanese artists, and no longer reflects Japanese cultural idioms, is it still manga?† Each of the three list items in this sentence includes at least one verb, but that consistency does not guarantee parallel structure. The first item’s verb phrase includes â€Å"is . . . set,† and the third one’s verb, reflects, stands on its own (if the item were required to contain a form of â€Å"to be,† the sentence could be revised to include the verb phrase â€Å"is no longer reflective of†), but the middle item needs a helping verb in this case, to match the first item, is: â€Å"If a work is no longer set in Japan, is no longer written by Japanese authors or penned by Japanese artists, and no longer reflects Japanese cultural idioms, is it still manga? 2. â€Å"People who have experienced abuse, been victims of a crime or catastrophe, or people who have lived through war and/or genocide can experience PTSD.† Here, a verb is missing from one element of the sentence, but noun and pronoun use is also inconsistent: â€Å"People who have experienced abuse, have been victims of a crime or catastrophe, or have lived through war and/or genocide can experience PTSD.† Alternatively, elements can be combined; here, the first two are joined, and the third one, already in combination, has been framed in commas to set it off from the rest of the sentence: â€Å"People who have experienced abuse or have been victims of a crime or catastrophe, or people who have lived through war and/or genocide, can experience PTSD. 3. â€Å"The products are available at Bed Bath Beyond stores, the Container Store, or through the company’s website.† This sentence’s flaw is the lack not of a verb but of a preposition in each element. Generally, a single preposition could serve all three elements, but because a website is a conduit, not a location, for obtaining the products (unlike as in the case of information or media, which can be obtained at a website), each element requires its own preposition: â€Å"The products are available at Bed Bath Beyond stores, at the Container Store, or through the company’s website. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†Best Websites to Learn English25 Idioms with Clean

Jehovah's Witnesses and refusal of blood products. Describe an Essay

Jehovah's Witnesses and refusal of blood products. Describe an encounter that demonstrated the importance of diversity to you - Essay Example Or, should they respect patients’ religious beliefs and compromise on quality of healthcare? Since there is no straightforward answer to these questions, healthcare professionals will have to tread the balance between medical ethic and cultural sensitivity. Such discretion is all the more necessary in a country like the United States, where there is such diversity of race, religion and cultural background. For example, nearly a third of the population is derived from various racial minorities, while religious expression also varies from conservative to liberal. In this regard, it is a prerequisite for healthcare professionals to take into account the cultural restrictions and religious doctrines of individual patients before deciding on a course of treatment. Just like Jehovah’s Witnesses have their own code of conduct, so too do various other denominations of Christianity followed in the country. Similarly, Muslims have their own mandates to follow. Hence, understanding and accommodating diversity is important for those in the healthcare

Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Inflation - Essay Example increasing reliability on the use of technology to estimate future plans, widespread awareness of the economic decision making processes, readily available literature on risk management in business and much advanced, organized and computerized methodologies to ensure solid business-monitoring, projects today are incurring heavy financial losses. And the situation is same throughout the world. If we draw an analysis of the trends of the past and present, it would apparently seem that the modern-world businessmen are far immature and less educated in business as compared to so called â€Å"experts† of the past. It appears that development in the science and technology has generated an awareness that has adversely affected the practical world. Things are happening in an unexpected way. This proves that something bigger, not much considered / studied, is controlling business in the international scenario, and that is â€Å"inflation†. Inflation is majorly responsible for th e jammed projects, lessened GDPs, suppressed business, increased loans and this has resulted in aggravating poverty, famine and various other evils in the educationally rich and knowledgeable societies of the modern world. It is the byproduct of inflation that we see people possessing bigger sums than what their forefathers had possessed in their times, still modern-age people are poorer than their forefathers. Inflation as the name suggests, means to expand in volume and decrease in density / value, just like a balloon would expand when air is pumped in it. Apparently it seems bigger when inflated than the size it had been originally, but it becomes light enough to float in the air as compared to the uninflated balloon-material. Likewise, money has increased in amount manifolds, yet it has lost its worth. In other words, the â€Å"purchasing power† of money is lost. According to Park (2007), p-544, inflation means a rise in the price of an object with the passage of time or in other words the amount

The old Nurses story Essay Example for Free

The old Nurses story Essay Not to mention that it had a forbidden area called the east wing, which was never opened. People never dreamt of going there. Then we have the Darkness Out There, this story is based in a very similar way. It is based in a house, which is at the end of a forbidden wood called Packers End. This area was scary. You didnt go there by yourself, not even for a thousand pounds. It was nasty, creepy. People were scared stiff of Packers End. When children were younger they believed that witches, wolves and tigers existed there. That was until they found out about the German plane that had came down after the war, and an aircrew was killed there, people had heard them talking, still chattering in German. At the end of Packers End, there is a cottage, Mrs Rutters cottage. Both stories are narrated to young children by old female characters. The Old Nurses Story, is narrated by a nanny, and is told to the children, which she looks after. She seems to know a lot about the family history. Therefore not only does she share her story with the children to inform them about their family, but also to entertain them. The Darkness Out There, is narrated by a old cottage loaf women, who seemed composed of circles, a creamy smiling pool of a face, and eyes which snap and dart. Already we can judge Mrs Rutters character, we are made to feel that this woman is not as nice as she seems. She seems snidy, and very crafty. We can sense darkness, this is very symbolic. It connects to the title and we soon realise why. As the plot begins to unravel, we begin to see the darkness in Mrs Rutter, the narrator of the story. It is also narrated to young children. Both stories have used children for they are innocent, and easily influenced. This creates sympathy, yet suspense. Scary noises are very important conventions, probably one of the most important, and they are also used in both stories. In The Old Nurses Story, a great organ is heard playing, near the east wing. This was once played there by the late Lord Furnivall. In The Darkness Out There, airmen, witches, and wolves were said to be heard in Packers End. The noises create a tense atmosphere and suspense. We begin to feel scared, worried and wonder what is about to occur. It has a huge impact on the audience. The final similarity that I found interesting was that in both stories, the actions are influenced by death. In The Old Nurses Story, Lord Funivall, and Miss Furnivall both die. They are the ones that are luring their daughter Miss Rosamond to her death. In The Darkness Out There, Mrs Rutters husband is killed in the war. Therefore she refuses to help a German (enemies during the war) survive; instead she leaves him to die. Although both stories have many similarities, they also have many differences. The most obvious difference is that both stories are written in different time zones. The Darkness Out There is a contempary story. It was published post world war two, whereas The Old Nurses story was written in the 19th century, therefore they do have different writing styles. Nevertheless we cannot judge the effectiveness of the stories by knowing when they were written. We need to know the context and its conventions. However we can judge by looking at the main differences how and why a story is effective, and which particular ingredients make it effective. Firstly I looked at the aspect of fear in both stories. In The Old Nurses Story, ghosts are visual and non visual throughout the story. This is a an obvious ghost story, it is very effective, and would have been more effective at the time it was published, for ghosts were believed in and had huge impacts on life. They werent just fantasies as people regard them today. In The Darkness Out There, although there are myths of ghosts and witches, the story isnt based on a ghost. The only real fear is the evil darkness we find in Mrs Rutter. I also noticed that both stories are set in different types of weather. The Darkness Out There is based in summery weather; there is no sign of mysteriousness apart from what had previously happened in Packers End. Although we do have a little bad weather, heavy rain, evil is not symbolised through the weather. The Old Nurses Story, however has bad weather, it contains dark dull, stormy weather. A terrible winter. This is a typical symbol of evil and strange occurrences. Bad weather represents evil and makes everyone miserable. It builds a lot of tension and suspense. The final difference is the difference we learn about the storytellers. Although they are both old and female, what we do not realise are the hidden connotations, for both storytellers have different intentions. Soon we understand that Hester, the narrator in The Old Nurses Story is not telling the children the story with the intention to scare, but is informing them about their family. Mrs Rutter, narrator in The Darkness Out There, is totally different. She is very ill minded, she tells the children the story to scare them so that she can gain entertainment by watching them terrified. In other words, she scares children for pleasure. I think The Old Nurses Story is the most effective story. Although it contains all the typical ingredients, it does scare. The setting, weather symbolism and usage of ghosts combined together make it a very effective ghost story. It creates tension, suspension, and a startled atmosphere. It also leaves the audience intensified. I didnt think The Darkness Out There was a very effective ghost story. To be honest it doesnt even seem like a ghost story. Ghost stories are supposed to contain mysterious events, ghosts, and supernatural occurrences. The Darkness Out There doesnt scare the audience it just leaves them with a moral. That is never to stereotype people. It doesnt scare. I think ghost stories are effective because of the typical ingredients that they contain. A ghost story isnt a story without spooky occurrences. The idea of listening to a ghost story is to be scared. The Old Nurses Story creates this effect, and therefore I think it is the most effective. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Critical Analysis of Oleanna :: essays papers

Critical Analysis of Oleanna The most straight forward gender conflict in the movie Oleanna is that between the Professor and the student. She accuses him of sexual harassment. He denies it and they go before the Tenure Committee who find him guilty. The question at hand is what is sexual harassment? Must the harasser intend to harass? When a student would ask Socrates to answer a question, Socrates would ask them to define their terms. He would continue to ask the student to clarify until finally the student would realize the answer to the question. In this case the question that may have been put to Socrates is "Can a person, man or woman, commit sexual harassment on accident?". The answer from this ugly old man would be "What is sexual harassment?" It is physical advancement, sexist or sexual remarks, even pornographic material, that someone finds offensive and threatening. The Professor in Oleanna sexually harasses the student by this definition. This first part of sexual harassment, that someone must find the activity personally offensive, is met without a doubt. Why? Oleanna says she is offended by his remarks. Only she can know for sure how she feels. The second part of sexual harassment, that the person must be threatened, is harder to prove than for her to just say she was threatened. Oleanna says in her claim that the professor referred to female students as "darlin’" and other such terms of endearment. Why would she feel more threatened than the other women in her class? In defense of the professor it must be understood that he only intended to help Oleanna. He slipped across the line of what is proper behavior. He went from being a teacher to wanting to be a father figure. It is sad but at some point a person must draw a line and realize what they can and cannot accomplish. Another question that pertains to the guilt or innocence of the Professor is a concern for the Bill of Rights.

Arck Systems Case Analysis Essay

This paper will discuss the history and background of Arck Systems and its merger with Lux Software. I will then examine, discuss, and analyze the nuances of the merger and the resulting issues that arose with different compensation packages for each company’s sales team. In my analysis, I will address the intended and unintended consequences of incentive compensation plans. Finally, I will offer my recommendations to Arck Systems. Background Arck Systems Arck Systems was a medium-sized manufacturer of network computers used by many corporations to manage data. Customers used the serves to run software that helped them manage finances, compensation & benefits and customer accounts. This hardware was integral to ensuring the success of the corporation. In addition to the hardware it produced, Arck also developed and distributed an operating system with its servers; however, third party software companies provided the software applications. Arck Systems’ Merger with Lux Software, Inc. In order to strengthen and expand its software business, Rob Chatterji strategically decided to acquire Lux Software, Inc. Lux Software, Inc was a leading provider of middleware. Middleware is software that acts as an intermediary between different software applications. More companies need middleware as enterprise software applications become more complex making middleware a rapidly growing product and industry. Middleware Purchasing Lux was an ingenious move on Arck’s part because it provides a surefire way for them to develop the software side of their company in addition to enhancing the operating system they’ve developed for their hardware. Arck was able to purchase Lux Software, Inc rather quickly in order not to disrupt the flow of business. The merger/acquisition contained provisions that provided incentives for engineers and software developers to stay with Arck after the acquisition. This ensured that the talent and skill stayed with the company for at least three years. However, no provisions were made to keep the Lux Software sales team on board for the long term. Immediately after the merger Lux’s executive vice president of sales announced that he would be leaving Lux Sales and taking the sales management team with him. Fortunately, no key sales people left. Arck’s CEO Chatterji was not concerned. Similarities in Sales Management However, Arck’s Executive Vice President of Sales, Bryan Mynor, seemed concerned about having to manage Lux’s sales team. Although Mynor had successfully managed Arck’s sales team and doubled the company’s sales since becoming vice president, he was unsure about the most effective way for managing Lux’s sales team. Lux and Arck operate their sales force under different methods, targeting different decision makers within a company. Arck salespeople tended to target the CIO or CTO, who would be concerned about the performance specifications of the servers. Lux focused selling to the finance or administrative divisions of company, or those who would be interested in the implementation of the software. Hence, Mynor is used to managing a sales team that is much more technically oriented sales force. So as to not disturb the flow of business as usual, Mynor decided to keep the two sales teams separate until he could figure out how to merge them. After a conversation with Synder, former EVP of sales for Lux, Mynor was assured that both Arck and Lux utilized similar approaches to sales management, including: †¢Salespeople dedicated to territories based on geography and industry †¢Levels of organization were the same (district & regional managers, head of sales and EVP of sales) †¢Sales people could set discounts at their own discretion †¢Similar sales dynamics (avg. sale was approx. $350,000 for both) However, Snyder described Lux’s compensation plan as â€Å"aggressive† and â€Å"standard for the industry. † Mynor was not worried about the compensation; his main goal was to build a close relationship with Sharon Esteves, the most senior sales executive to stay with the company after the merger. Differences in Sales Compensation It wasn’t until Mynor began to review the compensation plan for Lux salespeople that he realized that he may have more of challenge managing the Lux sales team. The Lux Sales compensation package was vastly different than the Arck’s. Lux’s compensation package included accelerators, which increased the percentage commission a salesperson could earn based upon quarterly sales. A salesperson could potentially earn 24% commission. Arck’s compensation package included a standard 9% base commission paid after the quota was met. There was also a $50,000 bonus if the $6 million sales cap is reached. The Critical Issue The critical issue facing Arck Systems is attempting to figure out how to best manage the Lux sales team. While reviewing the plan, Mynor noticed that â€Å"top guns† at Lux make 30 times more than the average salesperson. Whereas the best sellers at Arck make only 4 or 5 times more than the average salesperson. He understands that the sales approach differs from Arck because it requires a more personable approach, rather than a technical one. If he decides to change the compensation plan, he needs to be able to anticipate how the sales people react. And predicting or anticipating reactions is a near impossible task. Analysis The ultimate goal of incentive compensation packages is to attract and retain employees, specifically well or high-performing employees in dispensable roles. The incentives should be designed in such a way that continuously motivates employees and recognizes both effort and achievement. Incentive compensation plans come with inherent tradeoffs; they are also excellent individual motivators for employees to succeed in the workplace and contribute significantly to the financial gain of the company. Incentive compensation packages also act as a tangible form of gratitude, ensuring that employees are properly rewarded for their diligence and dedication. Unfortunately, these incentive plans do not always work. Incentive programs require effort beyond normal job responsibilities, instead of rewarding excellent performance an execution of normal job duties. Yes, incentive plans motivate employees to earn more revenue; however, it inevitably teaches how to manipulate the system in order to obtain the desired results. In Arck’s Systems situation, Mynor noticed a discrepancy in compensation vs. productivity with Lux’s compensation package. He noted that the productivity levels simply did not match the payment level. The top sellers at Lux made 30 times more than the average salesperson, but were only 14 times as productive. The top sellers at Arck make for four or five times more than average and are four or five times as productive. Hence, Lux’s compensation plan seemed infeasible to Mynor. Mynor’s inability to full comprehend the Lux compensation plan stems from the fact that he is used to managing a sales team that focuses on selling technical hardware, which requires knowledge of the product and is pretty much straightforward. The sales of enterprise servers depend largely on the design of the product itself rather than a charming sales team. Conversely, selling enterprise software requires a â€Å"soft sales touch. † It requires the sales team to be able to convince prospective clients that their software is the best option currently available on the market. The irreconcilable differences between the products inescapably demand the need for different sales compensation packages. With Arck Systems and Lux Software, Inc. operating as two separate entities this poses no foreseeable conflicts. However, with Arck and Lux sales teams operating under one executive manager, conflicts will arise in the long run. Keeping the sales teams separate for the foreseeable future is wise because it allows Mynor to brainstorm, develop, and implement changes to the compensation packages that are fair and equitable to both sales teams. He needs time to develop a system to merge both sales teams without losing talent from either team. More importantly he needs to be able to implement these changes without negative reactions. Tweaking the compensation packages isn’t a simple task.

The Great Poet Ali Akbat Dehkhoda English Literature Essay

However, one should non bury the fact that the outgrowth of newspapers and magazines in Iran opens a new way for political and literary arguments which were all led to societal consciousness of the populace and the upliftment of literary infinites. Like Romantic Poets such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth and John Keats, E'tesami experienced a short tragic life: A short period matrimony to her male parent ‘s cousin lasted merely 10 hebdomads, decease of her male parent, whom she attached excessively much, followed by her ain decease three old ages subsequently at the age of 30 four. Her sudden decease Shocked the whole state and was mourned by 1000s. Hence, Parvin ‘s short life did non interfere her great celebrity in which she has achieved among Iranians. The genius girl of E'tesam-al-Molk through his encouragement began her gustatory sensation in poesy since her early childhood at around age seven or eight. She composed some literary pieces which were translated from western texts by her male parent. Parvin ‘s poesy followed the Classical Persian tradition both in signifier and content. And the reformatory position of Modern Persian poets such as Nima Yushij, Sohrab Sepehri, which led to a great literary motion, remained unaffected or possibly denied by her. E'tesami published a †Divan † , a book of poesy, consisted of 156 verse forms in 1935, with an debut by the great poet and scholar Mohammad Taqi Bahar. After her decease, Abol Fathe E'tesami, her brother, published the 2nd edition of her book including 209 composings in the signifier of Ghazal, a love vocal like Lyric and assorted other signifiers of Iranian poesy like †Qasideh † , †Qet'e † which are all short pairs. They were all followed the didactic and philosophical manners of Sanai, Naser Khosrow or even Manuchehri in eleventh and 12th centuries. Her Divan gives small room for Ghazal, but harmonizing to Professor Heshmat Moayyed those few Ghazals of hers, including 5 verse forms entitled †Arezooha † [ Longings ] and †Safar e Ashk † [ Journey of a Tear ] are regarded as the best illustrations of lyric of all time written in Persian. Along with her Divan she versified 75 anecdotes, fabrications and fables. †She is best known for her stamp, fable-like fragments written in traveling tones † conveying her moralistic idealogy. However, E'tesami ‘s controversial poetic signifier, the †Monazere † [ Debate ] claimed the largest parts of her Divan. She composed 65 verse forms in Monazere manner. Moayyed stated that E'tesami ‘s Hagiographas were largely about † work forces and adult females of different societal backgrounds, a wide-ranging array of animate beings, birds, flowers, trees, cosmic and natural elements, objects of day-to-day life, abstract constructs, all personified and typifying her wealth of thoughts. † Influenced by Mysticism and Fatalism in some of her verse forms she talked of the doctrine of life as in here: The narrative of fate is madness and it ‘s non luck to fall from the roof and state it was destiny Acting is the best wing in the Eden of cognition in the land of being, art is the best wealth Search although your will is superior to believe Thrive although your way leads to the firedrake ‘s oral cavity Moayyed believed that through personification and symbol E'tesami visualized the immoralities of society and the loss of moral committedness. And through her Monazeres [ Debates ] she expressed her ain position about † life, decease, societal justness, moralss, instruction and the supreme importance of cognition. † Her formative old ages were spent in Tehran, the capital metropolis, where her household moved from Tabriz to Tehran for better life style and instruction. E'tesami ‘s formal schooling was in the American Girls College in Tehran, a celebrated school where she taught at that place for a piece instantly after her graduation. She was invited to go the Queen ‘s coach for the new Pahlavi tribunal, but she refused. She declined that invitation for she opposed Reza Shah for his indifference towards the atrociousnesss and developments done in her state. Alternatively, she joined the library of the Teacher Training College for several months. Mohammad Taqi Bahar and Parvin E'tesami are considered as the most famed classical poets have of all time risen since the 19th century. Bahar is known as the †King of Poets † who played a important function in the † outgrowth and development of Iranian literature as a distinguishable genre † in the beginning of the 20th century. His verse forms largely dealt with the socio-political facets of Iran. Other distinguished figures in classical poesy are Mirzadeh Eshghi, Aref Ghazvini and Shahriyar. Among all singular plants, †Monazere † [ argument ] revealed the extremum of her mastermind. Monazere is the argument between two objects or two individuals, where this technique revived by Parvin since Sasanid and Ghaznavid ‘s dynasties like Abu-al-gasem Ansari. She was besides influenced by the Greek and Gallic fabrications of Aesop and La Fontaine. E'tesami highlights the Arguments by conveying a †thesis and a corresponding antithesis † together with the conventional imagination and intense duologues and the concluding lines as her ain point of views. One of the most celebrated Arguments of hers called †Mast Virginia Hoshyar † [ The Drunk and the Sober ] won great esteem among Romantic poets, which was popularized as the best argument of all time written and regarded as the mirror of the societal and political background of the age. Her prowess is confined to portray the existent Dark place of high governments in the society including †Judge † , †Governor † , †Sheriff † and the mere †Municipal † , where the Municipal Police Officer caught a ‘Drunk but Aware Man ‘ in the center of the dark and decided to take him to the Judge ‘s house, the Governor ‘s castle or the Sheriff ‘s for enquiry or test, yet the Drunkard remarked that the Municipal should wait till dawn for the Judge is asleep and the governor must be hangover at that minute. In this verse form E'tesami by conveying a analogue between the Drunkard and the Sober pictured the instability of any higher societal ranks, where no 1 is in his proper topographic point or does his responsibility. Even when the Municipal suggested the Arrested Man to travel to †Masjid † [ Mosque ] till the twenty-four hours after, this chap claimed that Masjid is n't a inn for such a criminal like him. The Municipal ‘s demand for compensation or his apparels was rejected, because the hapless Drunk did n't even hold a penny or proper apparels to put himself free. E'stesami raised her inquiring and challenging of the system in her last line, when the Officer claimed that harmonizing to the Laws of the State, he should happen a Sober to flog the Drunk. In response the Drunk laughed calmly and stated: †Bring a Sober, here no organic structure is sober † The American College Parvin E'tesami became familiarity with the civilizations of the West. E'tesam-al-Molk took her to different parts of Iran and even foreign states like Europe and Iraq. Through these trips, Parvin gained the cognition he had gained over old ages of reading and interpreting Western civilizations and traditions which drew inspiration for her in organizing the chief subjects of her poesy such as humanitarianism, liberalism. The literary assemblages held in their house went around issues of Persian civilization and life style. They normally discussed over †the Oppression of Reza Shah Pahlavi ‘s government, instruction, Women ‘s predicament and the jobs of the helot † and Parvin was the lasting participants of these meetings. The impact of all these great figures is reflected in her poesy. The twenty old ages of creativeness from 1921 till her decease displayed an †astonishing adulthood of idea and trade † of this 20th century Persian poet. Throughout her poesy she ever looked for societal justness for the Masses, particularly Women. She brings out the predicament of adult females and their subjugations in verse forms like †Iranian Women † : Once a adult female in Iran was about non-Iranian. All she did was struggle through dark and distressful yearss. Her life she spent in isolation ; she died in isolation. What was she so if non a captive? None of all time lived centuries in darkness like her. None was sacrificed on the communion table of lip service like her. In the tribunals of justness no informant defended her. To the school of larning she was non admitted. All her life her prohibitionists for justness remained ignored. This subjugation occurred publically ; it was no secret. Many work forces appeared cloaked as her shepherd. Within each a wolf was concealing alternatively. Or in â€Å" A Woman ‘s Topographic point † :aˆÂ ¦..Plato and Socrates were great because the female parents Who nurtured them were themselves great. Loghman was succored by his female parent in the cradle Long earlier attending at school made him a philosopher. Whether heroes or mystics, abstainers or legal expert, They all were first students in her school. How can a kid with no female parent learn to love? A land with no swayer offers no safety and order. There is non adequate information about Parvin E'tesami ‘s personal life except a little book of essays and verse forms published on her first day of remembrance in 1944 in Tehran. Her familiarities claimed that she was an honest, straightforward but mild adult female. She had an eternal passion in larning and contending against the dictatorship of male monarchs and great sympathy towards the multitudes. She besides offered moral solutions related to the world of life. E'tesami ‘s differentiation was due to her word picture of †spiritual truth, exalted humane constructs, plaint for poorness, favoritism † and category consciousness. However, much of her plants were the acrimonious and rough unfavorable judgment of societal and political unfairness. In â€Å" The Old Woman ‘s Lament † she challenged the legitimacy of the authorities, in â€Å" The Wretched † she portrayed poorness and protested against societal spread between the rich and the hapless. Mostly her poesy has the colour of morality. The unexpected decease of E'tesam-al-Molk secluded her from the society for she afterwards lost touch with the literary circles which had ever encouraged her. Furthermore, possibly within the patriarchal mainstream of literary society, Parvin E'tesami had no agent or shelter in showing her plants. However, as a adult female poet she managed to set up her place in the literary infinite through her human-centered mentality.

History of the Domestication of Sunflowers

History of the Domestication of Sunflowers Sunflowers (Helianthus spp.) are plants native to the American continents, and one of four seed-bearing species known to have been domesticated in eastern North America. The others are squash [Cucurbita pepo var oviferia], marshelder [Iva annua], and chenopod [Chenopodium berlandieri]). Prehistorically, people used sunflower seeds for ornamental and ceremonial use, as well as for food and flavoring. Prior to domestication, wild sunflowers were spread throughout the North and Central American continents. Wild sunflower seeds have been found in numerous locations in eastern North America; the earliest so far is within the American Archaic levels of the Koster site, as early as 8500 calendar years BP (cal BP); when it was precisely domesticated, is difficult to establish, but at least 3,000 cal BP. Identifying Domesticated Versions Archaeological evidence accepted for recognizing the domesticated form of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) is the increase in the average mean length and width of achenethe pod that contains the sunflower seed; and since Charles Heisers comprehensive studies in the 1950s, the established reasonable minimum length for determining whether a particular achene is domesticated has been 7.0 millimeters (about a third of an inch). Unfortunately, that is problematic: because many sunflower seeds and achenes were recovered in the charred (carbonized) state, and carbonization can, and in fact often does, shrink the achene. In addition, the accidental hybridization of wild and domestic formsalso results in smaller sized domestic achenes. Standards to correct for carbonized seeds developed from experimental archaeology on sunflowers from DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge found that carbonized achenes exhibited an average of 12.1% reduction in size after being carbonized. Based on that, Smith (2014) proposed scholars use multipliers of about 1.35-1.61 to estimate the original size. In other words, measurements of carbonized sunflower achenes should be multiplied by 1.35-1.61, and if the majority of the achenes falls over 7 mm, you can reasonably surmise that the seeds are from a domesticated plant. Alternatively, Heiser suggested that a better measure might be the heads (disks) of sunflowers. Domesticated sunflower disks are significantly larger than wild ones, but,  unfortunately, only about two dozen partial or complete heads have been identified archaeologically. Earliest Domestication of Sunflowers The main site of domestication for sunflower appears to have been located in the eastern North American woodlands, from several dry caves and rock shelters of the central and eastern United States. The firmest evidence is from a large assemblage from the Marble Bluff site in the Arkansas Ozarks, securely dated to 3000 cal BP. Other early sites with smaller assemblages but potentially domesticated seeds include Newt Kash Hollow rock shelter in eastern Kentucky (3300 cal BP); Riverton, Eastern Illinois (3600-3800 cal BP); Napoleon Hollow, central Illinois (4400 cal BP); the Hayes site in central Tennessee (4840 cal BP); and Koster in Illinois (ca 6000 cal BP). In sites more recent than 3000 cal BP, domesticate sunflowers are frequent occurrences. Early domesticated sunflower seed and achene was reported from the San Andrà ©s site in Tabasco, Mexico, direct dated by AMS to between 4500-4800 cal BP. However, recent genetic research has shown that all modern domestic sunflowers developed from the wild eastern North American species. Some scholars have argued that the San Andres specimens may not be sunflower  but if they are, they represent a second, later domestication event that failed. Sources Crites, Gary D. 1993 Domesticated sunflower in Fifth Millennium B.P temporal context: New evidence from middle Tennessee. American Antiquity 58(1):146-148. Damiano, Fabrizio, Luigi R. Ceci, Luisa Siculella, and Raffaele Gallerani 2002 Transcription of two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) mitochondrial tRNA genes having different genetic origins. Gene  286(1):25-32. Heiser Jr. CB. 1955. The origin and development of the cultivated sunflower. The American Biology Teacher 17(5):161-167. Lentz, David L., et al. 2008 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as a pre-Columbian domesticate in Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(17):6232-6237. Lentz D, Pohl M, Pope K, and Wyatt A. 2001. Prehistoric sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) domestication in Mexico. Economic Botany  55(3):370-376. Piperno, Dolores R. 2001 On Maize and the Sunflower. Science  292(5525):2260-2261. Pope, Kevin O., et al. 2001 Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica. Science 292(5520):1370-1373. Smith BD. 2014. The domestication of Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23(1):57-74. doi: 10.1007/s00334-013-0393-3 Smith, Bruce D. 2006 Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(33):12223-12228.

Existent vs. Extant

Existent vs. Extant Existent vs. Extant Existent vs. Extant By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between existent and extant? It might be more appropriate to ask, what’s the difference between exists and â€Å"is extant†? Existent usually seems awkward to me; exists or â€Å"to exist† often seems more suitable. (Even a comparative sentence such as â€Å"Unicorns are just as existent as umbrellas† seems odd and not just because of the subject matter; though the meaning is not exactly the same, I would instead write, â€Å"Unicorns are just as likely to exist as umbrellas.†) The root word for both terms is exist, from the Latin term existere, which means â€Å"to emerge† or â€Å"to stand forth† (hence the ex- element, which means â€Å"out of† or â€Å"from†), as well as â€Å"appear† or â€Å"be.† The adjective existent derives from the noun existence, which stems from the Latin term existentia, itself coming from existentem, which means you guessed it, â€Å"existent.† (The second syllable, from sistere, which means â€Å"cause to stand,† is also found in assist and subsist and their variants.) Synonyms include inherent (verb form inhere), from the Latin term inhaerere, â€Å"to stick in or to,† and the aforementioned subsist, which has a connotation of minimal survival. Several other words that include the root exist are coexist (â€Å"exist together† or â€Å"live together peacefully†) and preexist (â€Å"to exist beforehand†), as well as existential, which refers to a philosophy centering on the absence of certainty about morality, which has overshadowed the generic meanings of â€Å"grounded in existence† or â€Å"relating to existence.† And then there’s the unfortunately obsolete existimation, a synonym for esteem or estimation. So, what about extant? Its Latin origin is extare, which means â€Å"stand out, be visible, exist,† but it has acquired a slightly different connotation a more extended one than existence: It means â€Å"in existence,† even â€Å"still in existence.† Thus, to say that something exists and to say that it is extant are two distinct statements. What this means is that extant is appropriate for describing something that still remains or survives, though it is reasonable to assume that something might not do so. It’s employed usually in references to artifacts and documents, or to species and other categories of biological classification. Something that exists, by contrast, merely is. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowProved vs. ProvenHow Do You Fare?

AIDS in the United States Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AIDS in the United States - Research Paper Example 20 percent of adults have AIDS in seven countries of this area of Africa. The initial slow reaction and lack of concern during the early 1980’s and beyond by the U.S. is clear today. Forty thousand new instances of the disease is reported each year but exactly how many persons are infected is not known because the method intended used to track AIDS is flawed and not likely to be fixed anytime soon. However, the social effect of AIDS has been widely acknowledged. This has served to inform the public and slow the progression of the epidemic but not in the African American community. The continuing proliferation of AIDS is allowed by the lack of appropriate vaccines and the virus’ ability to evolve as it invades, weakens and finally destroys the immune system. HIV, the disease which develops into AIDS, evolves so quickly that its exterior molecules are in a continuous state of transformation; consequently, the human immune system and the vaccines used to battle the virus, cannot catch up. â€Å"As it replicates within a single infected individual, HIV accumulates mutations that change the shape of its surface proteins, evolving right out from under the antibodies produced by the victim’s immune system† (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2007). Due to AID’s capability of evolving at such a considerable pace, it rapidly counters medical treatments. The HIV cells which live beyond the primary drug concoction reproduce and their decedents transmit the drug resistant strain. This is the rationale for a patient’s drug therapy including what is generally called a ‘drug cocktail’ (various types of HIV drugs used together) which, in concert, act to hinder the further development of the resistant (strong) HIV viral strains. If a smaller amount of the resistant cells continue to exist, the less likelihood the disease will continue to spread. This is just one of the primary evolutionary models used by biomedical scientists to battle AIDS. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2007). AIDS made the evolutionary leap from chimpanzees to people. In all likelihood, the transfer happened by people using chimpanzees as a source for meat. The virus began in two varieties of monkeys which were eaten by chimpanzees which may cannibalize when food sources run short. A hybrid virus found in these monkeys (SIV) dispersed via infected chimpanzees and a mutated type (HIV-1) was ultimately transmitted to humans. Just like chimpanzees, people carry two variations of the disease. HIV-2 is the other and the less virulent. â€Å"Because of the similarity between chimpanzees and humans, any virus that successfully adapts to spreading among chimps would be a candidate for a further jump to humans, a potential HIV-3,† according to Paul Sharp, Institute of Genetics at University in England. (cited in Lovgren, 2003). One percent of the Earth’s inhabitants have contracted AIDS. The disease is to blame for killing of nearly three million people every year. AIDS is spread through use of use needles and unprotected sex. There is overwhelming evidence that needle exchange programs (NEPs) are very effective in preventing the transmission of the AIDS viruses yet do not promote drug use as critics of these programs contend. When first presented with this idea, Congress thought that NEPs would encourage drug abuse and they would send the message that the federal government sanctioned drug use by encouraging clean needle dispersal. â€Å"Restricting access to sterile syringes only acts to exacerbate the IDUs already desperate situation and is not in the best interest of the community regarding health, criminal or financial concerns. Free, legal and easily

The dangers of genetically modified organisms Research Paper

The dangers of genetically modified organisms - Research Paper Example The benefits of this technology accompany risks that are associated with it. The dangers of producing genetically modified organisms portray the other side of this picture. The risks of this technology have been analyzed and categorized in this essay in a systematic order. This essay depicts analysis of the dangers of this technology. First of all there are some fundamental Weaknesses in this Concept. This technology can’t exactly be defined precisely. The process of genetic modification involves gene transfer from one organism to another. A specific gene can be precisely isolated from DNA; however, the insertion of that isolated gene into the target DNA is basically random so this can cause interruption in the functioning of other genes that may be essential to the sustainability of that organism. This imprecision has further implications as well. This procedure can certainly cause mutations which may harm the environment. â€Å"Genetic engineering is like performing heart surgery with a shovel. Scientists do not yet understand living systems completely enough to perform DNA surgery without creating mutations which could be harmful to the environment and our health. They are experimenting with very delicate, yet powerful forces of nature, without full knowledge of the repercussions† ("What are the, "). Genetic engineers have genetically modified crops and plants to have specific desired characteristics. The firms that produce such crops have patents for their products. Here is a scenario to ponder upon. Since the seeds of such plants and crops have the same genetic structure and are being produced on a massive scale, the widespread crop failure of these crops is not unquestionable incase these crops are attacked by a virus or a pest that they are not resistant to. Moreover, this is not just limited to bioengineered farms. Plants reproduce by cross-pollination with the help of insects, birds and even wind which act as the

Meditech surgurical case study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Meditech surgurical case study - Term Paper Example From all indications, it is clear that Meditech used cost-effective supply chain instead of using a responsive supply chain as it would have more useful when it comes to high innovative products considerations. The supply chain used by the company was customer service oriented and hence the delay. The company has also been facing problems in poor service quality due to strain in its production capacity. The strain in its production capacity made the company experience constant shortage in the introduction of new improved products. It also had problems with high finished goods inventory. It is important for the company to plan on the introduction of a new cycle through the three phases of manufacturing and this should be done two months before the products is marketed to avoid any shortages in the market (Leeman, 150). a. The introduction of new products in Meditech Surgical were totally unplanned for and was done without properly strategizing on it supply chain and production schedules. This was the reason why the arrival of net order in the company was more than its finished goods (FG) inventory. Lack of proper strategies in the introduction of new products led to underestimated productions hence delayed delivery of orders. b. Faulty forecasting and mechanical techniques in the company resulted into a wrong prediction which then resulted in faulty targets (Leeman, 150). The company has had a poor ability to forecast the demand for its new products which then led to underestimation in the new product production. c. Finished goods inventory in the company is almost 40% above the desired levels. High level of finished goods inventory is a clear indication that the goods are not moving in the required rate and that customer orders are not being processed within the stipulated time. d. Meditech Surgical has long organizational structure

Advanced Design System

Advanced Design System DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-STUB NOTCH FILTER USING AGILENTS ADVANCE DESIGN SYSTEM (ADSTM) ABSTRACT: The purpose of this case study is to acquire an idea on the design of single-stub notch filters using Agilent advanced design system (ADSTM). By properly calculating the required width, length and insertion loss of the single stub notch filter using ADS one can design a notch filter which can block frequencies not required. In the micro strip layout when wavelength of the stub is , the open circuit of the stub is converted to short circuit and signals along the notch filter are blocked. By adjusting the width and using various functions like line calc the parameters of the filter are calculated and the filter is designed and analysed. Agilent advanced system is an effective software for the analysis of the microwave links. INTRODUCTION: Advanced Design System (ADSTM): Advanced Design System is the industry leader in high-frequency domain design. It supports electronic systems and RF design engineers developing all types of RF designs, from simple to the most complex, from RF or microwave modules to be integrated MMICs for communications and aerospace/defense applications. ADS is With a complete set of simulation technologies ranging from frequency, time, numeric and physical domain simulation to electromagnetic field simulation, ADS lets designers fully characterize and optimize designs. The single, integrated design, GUI graphical user interface environment provides system, circuit, and electromagnetic simulators, along with schematic capture, layout, and verification capability eliminating the starts and stops associated with changing design tools in mid-cycle. ADS can be used for virtual prototyping, debugging, or as an aid in manufacturing test. To enhance engineering productivity and shorten time-to-market, ADS software offers a high level of design automation and applications intelligence. This proven software environment is easily extensible: we can customize ADS by adding features focused on your particular application needs. An AD runs on PCs and workstations, with complete file compatibility between platforms and across networks. [8] Advanced Design Systemis a powerful electronic design automation software used by leading companies in the wireless communication networking and aerospace defence industries. For WiMAXâ„ ¢, LTE, multi-gigabit per second data links, radar, satellite applications, ADS provides full, standards-based design and verification with Wireless Libraries and circuit-system-EM co-simulation in an integrated platform. Key Benefits of ADS  · Complete, integrated set of fast, accurate and easy-to-use system, circuit EM simulators enable first-pass design success in a complete desktop flow.  · Application-specific Design Guides encapsulate years of expertise in an easy-to-use interface. Components used in (ADSTM) system Term (Port Impedance for S-parameters): Parameters: Name Description Units Default Num Port number Integer 1 Z Reference impedance, use 1+j*0 for complex Ohm 50 Noise Enable/disable port thermal noise: yes, no (for AC or harmonic balance analysis only; not for S-parameter analysis) None yes V(DC) Open circuit DC voltage None None Temp Temperature oC None Table1: Parameters of Term Note: ‘Term can be used in all simulations. For S-parameter simulations it is used to define the impedance and location of the ports. When not in use, it is treated as an impedance with the value R + JX. The reactance is ignored for dc simulations. MLOC (Micro strip Open-Circuited Stub): MLOC symbol MLOC Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 2: Parameters of MLOC Range of Usage: 1≠¤Er ≠¤128 ; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, Er = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1≠¤Er ≠¤20; 0.1Ãâ€"H≠¤W ≠¤100Ãâ€"H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤Er ≠¤128; 0.1Ãâ€"H ≠¤ W ≠¤10Ãâ€"H; 0 ≠¤H≠¤0.13Ãâ€"ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤Er ≠¤16; 0.05Ãâ€"H ≠¤W ≠¤16Ãâ€"H Where, ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations : 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Kirschning and Jansen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Eeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100Ãâ€"H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) MLIN (Micro strip Line): MLIN symbol MLIN Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 3: Parameters of MLIN Range of Usage: 1 ≠¤ ER ≠¤ 128; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, ER = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 20; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 100 Ãâ€" H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 128; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0 ≠¤ H ≠¤ 0.13 Ãâ€" ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 16; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 16 Ãâ€" H Where ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Hammerstad and Jensen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Εeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100 Ãâ€" H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) MTEE (Microstrip T-Junction): MTEE symbol MTEE Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Subst Microstrip substrate name None W1 Conductor width at pin 1 Mil W2 Conductor width at pin 2 Mil W3 Conductor width at pin 3 Mil Temp Physical temperature  °C Table 4: Parameters of MTEE Range of Usage: 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W1 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W2 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W3 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H Er ≠¤ 20 Wlargest/Wsmallest≠¤ 5 where Wlargest, Wsmallest are the largest, smallest width among W2, W2, W3 f(GHz) Ãâ€" H (mm) ≠¤ 0.4 Ãâ€" Z0 Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line with Wlargest Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain model is an empirically based, analytical model. The model modifies E. Hammerstad model formula to calculate the Tee junction discontinuity at the location defined in the reference for wide range validity. A reference plan shift is added to each of the ports to make the reference planes consistent with the layout. 2. The center lines of the strips connected to pins 1 and 2 are assumed to be aligned. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency-domain analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). Single-stub notch filter: In Radio Communication Systems, undesired harmonics are generated. A micro strip notch filters undesired harmonics in a narrow band device like a mobile phone. A Notch filter is a device that passes all frequencies except those in a stop band centred on a centre frequency. The quality factor plays a major role in eliminating the frequencies undesired. Quality factor (Q) of a band pass or notch filter is defined as the centre frequency of a filter divided by the bandwidth. Where, bandwidth is the difference between frequency of the upper 3dB roll off point and frequency of the lower 3dB roll off point. TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY: place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission. Components of transmission lines include wires, coaxial cables, dielectric slabs, optical fibres, electric power lines, and waveguides. Consider the micro strip layout of a notch filter, In the designing of the micro-strip circuits (i.e. filters), the basic parameters are impedance Z0 and guide wavelength ÃŽ »g which are considered as TEM transmission line. The impedance in the open circuit stub Zin is as given below, Zin = ZS} Where ZL=∞, so we ignore ZS Zin = ZS} = ZS { } = ZS { } = j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l However, l = , ÃŽ ² l = = Therefore, cot ÃŽ ² l=0 So, Zin = -j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l=0 hence â”Å'L = = ∞/∞ = 1 so VSWR = = 2/0 = This indicates that the signal whose wavelength is will have very low impedance and hence it is a short circuit Thus Insertion loss response at frequency f0 is high except for other frequencies, this is because cot ÃŽ ² l is no longer zero. Insertion loss and return loss are two important data to evaluate the quality of many passive fiber optic components, such as fiber optic patch cord and fiber optic connector and many more. Insertion loss: Definition The Insertion Loss of a line is the ratio of the power received at the end of the line to the power transmitted into the line. Insertion loss refers to the fibre optic light loss caused when a fibre optic component insert into another one to form the fibre optic link. Insertion loss can result from absorption, misalignment or air gap between the fibre optic components. We want the insertion loss to be as less as possible. Our fibre optic components insertion loss is less than 0.2dB typical, less than 0.1dB types available on request. An expression for insertion loss is IL= 10log10 [1 +(YS/2)2] Return loss: Return Loss is a measure of the reflected energy from a transmitted signal. It is commonly expressed in positive dBs. The larger the value, the less energy that is reflected. Return loss can be calculated using the following equation: IMPRLT10.gif (1294 bytes) Return loss is a measure of VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), expressed in decibels (db). The return-loss is caused due to impedance mismatch between two or more circuits. For a simple cable assembly, there will be a mismatch where the connector is connected to the cable. There may be an impedance mismatch caused by bends or cuts in a cable. At microwave frequencies, the material properties as well as the dimensions of the cable or connector plays important role in determining the impedance match or mismatch. A high value of return-loss denotes better quality of the system under test (or device under test). For example, a cable with a return loss of 21 db is better than another similar cable with a return loss of 14 db, and so on. Phase Response of the notch filter: The phase response of a notch filter shows the greatest rate of change at the centre frequency. The rate of change becomes more rapid as the Q of the filter increases. The group delay of a notch filter is greatest at the centre frequency, and becomes longer as the Q of the filter increases. EXPERIMENT SUB PARTS CASE-STUDY PART 1: Aim: Designing and simulation of a notch filter at 3 GHz using Agilents ADSTM for the given design specifications. Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 MLIN, MLOC and MTEE are micro strip elements defined in ADSTM which is used to construct the circuit Explanation: We need to simulate and design a notch filter at 3 GHz here, using Agilents ADS. When the above specifications are used in ADS, the width of the microstrip lines is obtained as 2.42mm corresponding to 50 ohms transmission line using Line calc function. The Line Calc function is also used to determine the effective dielectric constant (Keff) of 3M Cu-clad Substrate at 3.0GHZ from which the initial, length of the open circuit stub can be calculated. ÃŽ µr = 2.1 Keff = 1.854 at 3.0GHZ (from line calc) , ÃŽ »0 = 100 m (at 3.0 GHZ) ÃŽ »g = ÃŽ »0 /(Keff)1/2 = 100/(1.854)1/2 =73.44mm; ÃŽ »g/4 =18.36 mm The initial design length of the open circuit stub is 18.354 mm. Thus we obtain the following substrate specifications at Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz, Insertion loss: greater than 25.0 dB and Input/output Impedance: Material type: 3M Cu-Clad, Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17, Thickness (h): 0.794m, Conductor thickness (t): 35um, Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m, taná ¶ ¿=0.0009, l = 18.36mm W(Width of the micro strip lines)=2.42mm From these specifications we obtain the plot of Insertion Loss Response(S21) indicating about 49.234 dB attenuation near 3 GHz which is shown in 8 To observe the effect of varying the length of the open circuit stub , the same procedure of simulation is repeated twice or thrice with different values of length of open circuit stub given as follows L1=20, L2=18.34, L3=16.As we can see in the 9 that as the length of open stub increases the frequency decreases. As the length of open stub must be ÃŽ »g/4 and so the 50ÃŽ © micro strip line is blocked and hence the signal is passed and if there is change in the length then the micro strip is not blocked hence the signal is blocked. Analysis of the case study 1: From the case study1, it proves that at wavelength ÃŽ »g/4 the open circuit at point S of the stub is transformed to short circuit and the signals passing along AB micro strip is blocked. Thus we design a filter at 3 GHz frequency. When the wavelength is ÃŽ »g/4 the signal will see very low impedance to ground at point S and hence is short circuited. This signal will be absorbed from the signals applied at input A, which will manifest high attenuation in its insertion loss at 3GHz.All other signals remain unaffected, hence low insertion loss accept near 3GHz. CASE-STUDY PART 2: Aim: Using the ADSTM Tuning facility, investigate the effect of varying the width of the stub filter. Determine the width of line which provides minimum out of band loss whilst maintaining the original filter specifications (i.e.>25 db at 3.0 GHz) Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 CS2 10: Circuit Diagram of Stub Notch filter obtained by ADS Simulation Explanation: When the width of the stub is 5mm and length is 18.8mm the response obtained is as shown below Now we vary the width of the stub to investigate the effect. . In this process the width of the stub filter is changed at different values from w1=5mm, w2=2.5mm, w3=2mm, w4=1mm, w5=0.2mm as shown in 12. Here we also note that when varying the width of line, both the width of the stub line and corresponding width on the MTEE section must is varied. After varying the width using tuning fork function of the ADS facility we obtain a response at 3GHz and width is noted as 0.2mm.The 13 shows the following. Analysis of case study 2: The width of the line determines its impedance. If the impedance is high thinner the line and viceversa.When the width of the i/o transmission line is equivalent to the width of the stub then Insertion loss is at 0Db and when width of the i/o transmission line is greater than the width of the stub then Insertion loss tends to 0Db. In the above case thus we vary the width of the stub and transmission line and when centre frequency is 3 GHz and the width is 0.2mm the insertion loss is very low. Lower the insertion loss more is the signal transmitted. CASE- STUDY PART 3: Aim To design a notch filter at centre frequency of 4.5GHZ and it should cancel the spurious signal and unwanted harmonics by at least 24db with minimum out of band loss with the specifications given below Requirement: Electrical specifications: Centre frequency: 4.5 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 Explanation: In the responses shown below we have obtained the 24 dB difference by adjusting the frequency at 4.5 GHz. In CS3 14 the length and width are adjusted to obtain the particular response Analysis of case study 3: In case study 3 we understand the way of designing a notch filter to cancel the spurious signals generated by wireless communication systems. CONCLUSION: This case study helps us analyse the notch filter. The notch filter is designed and its basics and working are understood. The tool ADS proves very effective in this learning. To conclude, this experiment gives us a broader knowledge about transmission theory. The concept is deeply understood. In wireless communications the unwanted harmonics and spurious signals generated are cancelled by this notch filter enabling a better reception. Thus designing of such a notch filter is learnt.